Which reconstruction plan was harshest on the south

The battles with Johnson led ultimately in to his impeachment by the House, the first impeachment of a president in American history.

The Senate failed to convict him by one vote. Under the direction of Congress, most Southern states held new constitutional conventions in — This time the freedmen voted and participated. The resulting new state constitutions guaranteed the right of black adult males to vote and run for public office. For the first time, some blacks won election to Southern state legislatures and to Congress.

By , most states had repealed the remains of discriminatory Black Code laws. But Reconstruction did not last long. By , it was dead. The North had lost interest in helping Southern blacks. Many factors had helped kill Reconstruction: economic troubles in the country, a more conservative consensus within the nation, a general feeling in the country that Reconstruction had failed, the resurgence of the Democratic party, and a growing respectability for racist attitudes. Southern states began trying to end black voting.

By , all Southern states had excluded blacks from voting. These laws made it illegal for blacks and whites to share public facilities. This meant that blacks and whites had to use separate schools, hospitals, libraries, restaurants, hotels, bathrooms, and drinking fountains.

These laws stayed in effect until the s and s, when the civil rights movement launched an all-out campaign against them. Ultimately, the U. Supreme Court declared these laws unconstitutional, and the U. Congress passed Civil Rights legislation ensuring equal rights for all citizens.

Du Bois in The Atlantic Monthly Freedmen and Southern Society Project. The 14th Amendment, ratified in , attempted to prevent discriminatory state laws such as those that made up much of the Southern Black Codes of — Section 1 of the 14th Amendment reads, in part:.

All persons born or naturalized in the United States. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens. In this activity, students will compare the requirements in Section 1 of the 14th Amendment with the laws included in the South Carolina Black Code of Form six groups, each to evaluate one area in the South Carolina Black Code described in the article.

Group members should first read Section 1 of the 14th Amendment. Then they should decide which parts of their Black Code area seemed to violate Section 1 provisions. Finally, each group should report its conclusions to the rest of the class. Alumni Volunteers The Boardroom Alumni. Curriculum Materials.

Add Event. Main Menu Home. These traditional definitions of race were radically disrupted after emancipation, when citizenship was granted to all persons born in the United States and suffrage was extended to all men. Hannah Rosen persuasively argues that in this critical moment of Reconstruction, contests over the future meaning of race were often fought on the terrain of gender.

Sexual violence—specifically, white-on-black rape—emerged as a critical arena in postemancipation struggles over African American citizenship. Analyzing the testimony of rape survivors, Rosen finds that white men often staged elaborate attacks meant to enact prior racial hierarchy.

Through their testimony, black women defiantly rejected such hierarchy and claimed their new and equal right. Other recommended links with discussion directly or tangentially of Reconstruction:. Talking Another Look at the Reconstruction Era. Five Myths About Reconstruction. Donna Ladd is a journalist and editor focused on policing, child policy and social justice issues. As for the reading suggestions, thank you much.

I read Du Bois on Reconstruction a while back. I spent most of yesterday with it:. Whereas in reality Reconstruction was a noble, unprecedented experiment in true multi-racial democracy. However, after the day of work was done I went back because I was curious to read the interviews. So pleased that I did. Even pleased at your clarification. Thanks for a thought-provoking piece! Thanks so much, Jason.

That means a lot. Honestly, it was an error of process. So late in the process, they wanted more summary history up there which is tricky, as you know. I wrote the section quickly and sent it to them, it was edited, and I had far less time to think about every word in it than in the rest of the piece.

My bad. Press ESC to cancel. Skip to content Home Miscellaneous Whose plan for reconstruction was the harshest? Esther Fleming June 20, Table of Contents. Previous Article Why are drivers license pictures bad? Next Article Is South Africa a developing country or developed country? Back To Top.