The Yugoslav army, rapidly transforming into a Serbian army, supported the Serbs. In the course of the fighting, from August until January , the Serbs took control of about one-third of the territory of Croatia. Some of these regions had a Serbian majority before the war began, but others had not. The pattern of the war in Croatia was the de facto partition of the regions of the republic that had been most mixed ethnically. In effect, in these six months of war, the mixed areas of Croatia were divided, and the populations forced to divide themselves, rather like the Hindu and Muslim populations of India and Pakistan in , though on a much smaller scale.
The effects of the population transfers have been to render hundreds of thousands of people homeless, refugees, while homogenizing the populations. An index of this homogenization is that by March of , only about , Serbs remained in parts of Croatia under government control, of the more than , in those regions before the war began. The others had fled to Serb-controlled areas of Croatia and Bosnia, or to Serbia itself.
The Bosnian situation was more complicated. Since there was no single majority nation, in independent Bosnia and Hercegovina could not be the nation-state of any single group, unless its citizens chose to define themselves primarily as Bosnians rather than as Muslims, Serbs, and Croats.
This political partition of and by the voters proved fatal to Bosnia as it became increasingly clear that Yugoslavia would disintegrate in the name of the separatist self-determination of the separate Yugoslav peoples.
The increasing likelihood that there would be separate, independent Serb and Croat states made an independent Bosnia and Hercegovina an unattractive option for most Serbs and Croats living in that republic, at least outside of Sarajevo. By joining Serbia and Croatia, respectively, they would become members of ruling, sovereign majorities, rather than of potentially threatened minorities.
Further, annexing large areas of Bosnia and Hercegovina had always been elements of the Serbian and Croatian nationalist ideologies. Reflecting these beliefs, the presidents of Serbia and Croatia met on the border of their republics in March , while Yugoslavia still existed, and agreed on the partition of Bosnia between Serbia and Croatia upon the breakup of Yugoslavia. This agreement was restated by the leaders of the Bosnian Serbs and Croats in a meeting in Austria in May The Serb and Croat political parties in Bosnia and Hercegovina acted on their plans to divide the republic.
As Yugoslavia disintegrated, these parties armed their own people and made plans for the military partition of Bosnia and Hercegovina once Yugoslavia was gone. In terms of public politics, the Serbs and Croats differed, since the Croats stood officially for an independent Bosnia and Hercegovina.
However, as noted at the time by Lord Carrington, the European Community's mediator in Yugoslavia, the Croats combined this official stance, in favor of an independent Bosnia and hercegovina, with practical politics aimed at ensuring that this "republic" would have literally no central authority of any kind. This left it an empty shell, much like the former Yugoslavia after Thus the Croat position amounted to favoring Bosnia's secession from Yugoslavia, making it easier to annex Croat-dominated regions to Croatia.
Bosnia remained peaceful, if extremely tense, as Serbs and Croats fought in Croatia from August until January As the cease-fire held in Croatia, Bosnia's Serbs and Croats began to implement their plans for dividing the republic, proclaiming "autonomous" Serb and Croat territories. March saw increasing tensions and outbreaks of violence. Croat forces, some from Croatia, attacked Serb settlements in the north of Bosnia and in Hercegovina.
Fighting quickly spread. However, since so many of the putative citizens of this supposed state preferred to be Serbs in a greater Serbia or Croats in a greater Croatia rather than "Bosnians" in an independent Bosnia, recognition only ensured that the war would intensify. Having been told that they could not partition Bosnia and Hercegovina through negotiations, the Serbs and Croats proceeded to do it in the field, with bloodshed.
The course of the war has effected the partition of Bosnia and Hercegovina. The campaign of "ethnic cleansing" there since , like those in Croatia in , have been aimed at creating homogenous nation-states. The difference is that while in the s the primary victims were Serbs at the hands of Croats and Muslims, in the s the primary victims are Muslims at the hands of Serbs and Croats.
An estimated , people have been killed thus far. While their ethnic breakdown is unknown, the UNHCR has released figures September on some of the almost 1,, displaced persons in Bosnia and Hercegovina. Of these, , Muslims and Croats were displaced from areas under Serb control, while , Serbs were displaced from areas under Muslims of Croat control. Figures on Muslims displaced in areas under Croat control, or of Croats displaced in areas under Muslim control, were not reported, although these two groups fought in Hercegovina and central Bosnia, and each displaced members of the other in areas in which they attained control.
However, Bosnia's Croats and Muslims, under very strong American pressure, agreed in March to create a "Federation" between themselves. This "Federation" seems to exist primarily in the minds of the American diplomats who created it, since virtually no steps have been taken to implement it on the ground, and its Constitution does not provide a structure for a workable government.
Croat and Muslim refugees cannot return home even within this "Federation. It would be comforting but irresponsible to view the Yugoslav tragedy as the result of "irrational passions" or the criminality of some individual politicians. However, the courses of the wars of the Yugoslav secessions and succession have been driven by a very firm logic, that of self-determination of the nations involved.
By this logic, states serve the interest of the nation, ethnically defined, not of all citizens. Minorities have few rights indeed in the new states; state chauvinism, like state socialism, is a totalizing ideology. Minorities are thus always under threat, which is why they reject the state which excludes them. In areas where an overall minority forms a local majority, war is likely. But a more difficult problem follows as well: a state can exist only when it has a nation to serve, and if the population does not define itself as a nation, the state cannot exist.
When the population of Yugoslavia partitioned itself into Serbs, Croats, and others, Yugoslavia was doomed. In the same manner, when the population of Bosnia and Hercegovina partitioned itself into Serbs, Croats, and others, that supposed state was stillborn. Search Canada. Saskatchewan Saskatchewaner Saskatchewanian satisfaction in satisfaction of satisfied with Saultite Sault Ste.
Important notice Good news! Search and Functionalities Area Search Canada. Top of Page. Terms and conditions. Try watching to the national televisions or listening to the national radio stations to catch the nuances of different accents, and maybe even deciding on your favorite. It will probably be easier to hear once your an intermediate Serbian or Croatian speaker.
There are two videos you can watch to try and hear the difference between Serbian and Croatian pronunciations. The Serbian standard allows both pronunciations. Both are given an equal importance in our official orthography and grammar books. However, ekavian is widespread in Serbia; virtually only people originating from Bosnia, Croatia or Montenegro speak ijekavian here. On the other hand, everyone in Republika Srpska speaks ijekavian.
In Croatia and Bosnia only ijekavian forms the standard. Conclusion: If you decide to learn Serbian first , your teacher and your books will probably teach you ekavian.
For example, this is how we decline the word time in ekavian: vreme, vremena; and in ijekavian: vrijeme, vremena. However, if you want to learn both Serbian and Croatian, you should consider starting with the latter. For more information about Yat, You can refer to this article on Wikipedia. Using infinitives is a feature typical for Slavic languages, while double conjugating is considered a Balkan languages common feature. Conclusion: For a Romance, Germanic and even Slavic language speaker, using infinitives will be very convenient and probably easier to pick up.
However, double conjugation is an excellent brain-empowering exercise. Especially when you have to combine two verbs from different groups , such as:. There is a slight difference only in the verbs with infinitive ending in —ti. In some parts of Croatia including Zagreb , under the influence of the Kajkavian dialect, they use the Slavic future tense.
Conclusion: The future tense is quite complex. For your speaking, one form will suffice. Learn to use the basic standard form and only recognize the other forms in the beginning.
The word order can also be tricky here, especially in elaborate sentences. Focus on noticing the parts of it, as they can be scattered around the sentence.
Even though the vast majority of the words are exactly the same or slightly different, there are quite a few differences in vocabulary. Nonetheless, they are understood by both sides.
We all mostly know all the variants, and we just use the one normally used in our region. Still, they are used. Meseci u srpskom: januar, februar, mart, april, maj, jun, jul, avgust, septembar, oktobar, novembar, decembar.
Conclusion: If you prefer an easier way, then your choice here will definitely be Serbian, because it has more international loanwords. That allows you to quickly enrich your vocabulary and your ability to express yourself. Both languages still use many loan words, and derive verbs from them. This applies to the Latin and Greek international heritage and also to the new technology-related English terms, that have flooded every language.
Generally speaking, the suffix -irati essentially Latin borrowed through German seems to be the most productive i. On the other hand, the Slavic suffix -ovati and the suffix -isati of Greek origin are preferred in Serbia. However, there are words that come only in -ovati pattern.
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